In analogy with Planck’s construction of fundamental quantities in gravitation, we construct fundamental quantities associated with (1) theories of electrodynamics in which the electromagnetic field has a maximum value (e.g. Born-Infeld theory), and (2) the Fermi interaction. This gives us a maximum intensity of the electromagnetic field, and also reveals a close relationship between the fundamental lengths associated with the gravitational and weak interactions, supporting the connection between these two interactions.

This paper introduces the logic _Q__L__E__T_ _F_, a quantified extension of the logic of evidence and truth _L__E__T_ _F_, together with a corresponding sound and complete first-order non-deterministic valuation semantics. _L__E__T_ _F_ is a paraconsistent and paracomplete sentential logic that extends the logic of first-degree entailment (_FDE_) with a classicality operator ∘ and a non-classicality operator ∙, dual to each other: while ∘_A_ entails that _A_ behaves classically, ∙_A_ follows from _A_’s violating some classically valid inferences. The semantics of _Q__L__E__T_ (...) _F_ combines structures that interpret negated predicates in terms of anti-extensions with first-order non-deterministic valuations, and completeness is obtained through a generalization of Henkin’s method. By providing sound and complete semantics for first-order extensions of _FDE_, _K3_, and _LP_, we show how these tools, which we call here the method of _anti-extensions + valuations_, can be naturally applied to a number of non-classical logics. (shrink)

Graphical AbstractIdentifying the properties and molecules of the intestinal microbiome may help our understanding of various diseases and therefore facilitate their treatment; from excluding pathogens to manipulation of the immune system and regulation of non-intestinal sites.

Review of the book "Paraconsistent Logic: Consistency, Contradiction, and Negation by Water Carnielli and Marcelo Coniglio.

Name der Zeitschrift: Der Islam Jahrgang: 94 Heft: 1 Seiten: 314-318.

This study described the relationships between academic class and student moral sensitivity and reasoning and between curriculum design components for ethics education and student moral sensitivity and reasoning. The data were collected from freshman (n = 506) and senior students (n = 440) in eight baccalaureate nursing programs in South Korea by survey; the survey consisted of the Korean Moral Sensitivity Questionnaire and the Korean Defining Issues Test. The results showed that moral sensitivity scores in patient-oriented care and conflict were (...) higher in senior students than in freshman students. Furthermore, more hours of ethics content were associated with higher principled thinking scores of senior students. Nursing education in South Korea may have an impact on developing student moral sensitivity. Planned ethics content in nursing curricula is necessary to improve moral sensitivity and moral reasoning of students. (shrink)

A partir de uma análise comparativa entre a obra consagrada Frankenstein, de Mary Shelley, e a trilogia contemporânea Jogos Vorazes, de Suzanne Collins, este trabalho pretende assinalar a visão pessimista quanto ao progresso tecnológico e científico que ambas compartilham. Apoiamo-nos na teoria de Walter Benjamin e Hannah Arendt, pensadores que escreveram sobre a mesma visão pessimista. Ademais, nossa pesquisa investiga as faces da monstruosidade na trilogia Jogos Vorazes em contraste com a criatura gerada por Frankenstein, categorizada como monstro clássico. Por (...) fim, assinalamos a provável inclinação das mensagens finais para um pessimismo quanto ao progresso científico e tecnológico. Nosso objetivo é o de mostrar como essas histórias, separadas por quase duzentos anos, convergem para o mesmo questionamento sobre o futuro. (shrink)

RESPONSABILIDADE ESTATAL NOS CRIMES COMETIDOS CONTRA OS DIREITOS HUMANOS DURANTE A VIGÊNCIA DA DITADURA MILITAR BRASILEIRA.

We examine the influence of face-based judgments of CFO and CEO honesty on earnings management for the largest publicly traded companies in America. After controlling for incentives and opportunities to manage earnings, CFOs perceived to be less honest engage in higher levels of accruals earnings management and real earnings management. The beneficial impact of perceived honesty on earnings quality is most pronounced when both the CFO and the CEO are perceived to be more honest. Findings are consistent with our conjecture (...) that both the CFO and CEO contribute to a firm’s financial reporting environment. (shrink)

In this paper, we propose Kripke-style models for the logics of evidence and truth LETJ and LETF. These logics extend, respectively, Nelson’s logic N4 and the logic of first-degree entailment with a classicality operator ∘ that recovers classical logic for formulas in its scope. According to the intended interpretation here proposed, these models represent a database that receives information as time passes, and such information can be positive, negative, non-reliable, or reliable, while a formula ∘A means that the information about (...) A, either positive or negative, is reliable. This proposal is in line with the interpretation of N4 and FDE as information-based logics, but adds to the four scenarios expressed by them two new scenarios: reliable information for the truth and for the falsity of a given proposition. (shrink)

Resenha de "O contrato racial" de Charles W. Mills.

Testemunhos na primeira pessoa dados por quem aceitou recordar os factos, os dramas e os sucessos do tempo de mudança e transformação vertiginosa que constituiu o período de vida do Padre Manuel Antunes, professor que marcou indelevelmente várias gerações.

In this paper, we intend to demonstrate that the asylum request process can have its semantic and politic structures evidenced from an access via philosophy of language. In order to elucidate the normative nature of this social practice and to take a critical stance in relation to the treatment given to the refuge interview as it has been done in our country, we resort to certain concepts developed by the so called later Wittgenstein. Looking for a more complete treatment of (...) our object of study, we also turn to the authors of Bakhtin’s Circle, which explore communicational dimensions that the Viennese philosopher did not properly explore – with special emphasis on “value accents”. In order to collect empirical evidence relevant to our purposes, a field research was carried out with professionals and volunteers involved in the asylum request interviews. The resulting reports provided us with more basis for the considerations we make about the normative fragility of the interview language game and the intricate value system that guides the interaction between interviewer, interpreter and interviewee. (shrink)

Este artigo aborda as motivações para a docência e os desafios enfrentados por licenciandos em psicologia. A metodologia utilizada foi a abordagem qualitativa, e o instrumento de coleta de dados questionário online com questões abertas e fechadas. Participaram do estudo, onze estudantes de cursos de licenciatura em psicologia de quatro instituições universitárias das regiões sul e sudeste do Brasil. Os resultados demonstraram que a escolha pela licenciatura se deu, sobretudo, pelo interesse e curiosidade na área da educação, apropriação dos saberes (...) pedagógicos, ampliação do mercado de trabalho, bem como as possibilidades de atuação profissional. As dificuldades apontadas revelaram: a falta de informações sobre as especificidades do curso de licenciatura e da atuação do professor de psicologia e a ausência de docentes com saberes pedagógicos para atuar na licenciatura em psicologia. Embora seja considerada formação complementar entre os estudantes, observou-se possibilidades de um ensino-aprendizagem de psicologia engajada e inventiva. (shrink)

In his work, Bernard Suits presents and pursues a stated objective: to define ‘game’ or, more precisely, ‘game-playing’. In The Grasshopper: Games, Life and Utopia, the author seeks a definition not as a ‘commitment to the universal fruitfulness of definition construction’, but rather with the idea ‘that some things are definable, and some are not’. This is something he believed could resolve many of the issues surrounding the debate on ‘game’ and ‘play’, such as those with Huizinga (in Homo Ludens) (...) or proposed by the anti-definitionism of Wittgenstein, a philosopher who did not accept that it was possible to define ‘game’. In this article, we will trace Suits’ definitional steps and aim to critique his resolution as a kind of ‘formalism’, as it tended to prioritize rules. Furthermore, notwithstanding the merit of his theoretical endeavor – seen in the attempt to define a social component that is so complex and the target of the most diverse interpretations and misconceptions –, it seems to us that, with his theoretical unifying element (lusory attitude), the author has summoned another problem to the debate, that of ‘subjectivism’, rather than a solution (especially to his formalism), even subjecting himself to comparisons with other conceptions (e.g. Fichte) that are also problematic. This aspect will also be criticized. The attention of this article will shift to these two lines of critique, drawing on an insightful analysis of Malaby’s work at a specific juncture, aiming to delve further into the subject and taking an additional step. (shrink)

In this paper I sketch some lines of response to Mark Colyvan’s indispensability arguments for the existence of inconsistent objects, being mainly concerned with the indispens ability of inconsistent mathematical entities. My response will draw heavily on Jody Azzouni’s deflationary nominalism.

This paper proposes different approaches to design, referring to gambiarra practices and artifacts and their relation to complexity theory, evoking critical theorists that take undecidability into account in order to link gambiarra to operations that breed complexity and responsibility. The word gambiarra comes from Brazilian slang and describes an intervention or artifact meant to provide a provisory solution to an unexpected event or crisis. This kind of alternative design differs radically from conventional design because it does not come from formally (...) trained, engineer-minded, projects. Instead, it lacks control, stability and durability. As it offers no permanent solution, it opens room for further accidents and is messy, especially if compared to a conservative model for creation that praises human predominance, soundness and efficiency. Therefore, gambiarra often has negative connotations that this analysis aims to challenge, by relating it to principles of complexity theory. Complexity theory is a transdisciplinary field for research aimed at the organization of living systems, with a vast understanding of networks and what life and govern are. It gathers insights from different disciplines to explore the interconnectivity between individuals, their systems and environment. It unveils how ambivalent information/noise relationships are fundamental for the increase of diversity in a system. It also displays the intelligent dynamics resulting from seemingly insignificant neighborhood relations that collectively make it possible to adapt and continuously change structures. With that in mind, the “deficient” aspect of gambiarra becomes more valuable, as it hints at a potential to generate new information and structures beyond entropic models that perpetuate the same logics across time. Michel Serres’s information theory presented in the book The Parasite is brought up in comparison to gambiarra, in order to explore the potential of interdependent ambiguous relationships that may not fit in dominant forms of discourse. Concomitantly, Vilém Flusser’s notion of responsibility reinforces the argument that a fabric of dynamic differences can emerge out of mutual engagement and indeterminacy. Underlying, this paper concerns with drafting ecological discourses and practices that can embrace contradictions and the plurality of worlds, noticing complex phenomena that have been pushed to the margins, while also decentralizing from hegemonic models. It questions the predominance of the prevailing design paradigm in the search for non-eurocentric and non-anthropocentric human-environment relationships and forms of provision of human needs. (shrink)

The main aim of this paper is to introduce first-order versions of logics of evidence and truth, together with corresponding sound and complete Kripke semantics with variable and constant domains. According to the intuitive interpretation proposed here, these logics intend to represent possibly inconsistent and incomplete information bases over time. The paper also discusses the connections between Belnap-Dunn’s and da Costa’s approaches to paraconsistency, and argues that the logics of evidence and truth combine them in a very natural way.

A Teoria Crítica nasceu da reformulação da relação entre a filosofia e pesquisa social empírica, no Instituto de Pesquisa Social de Frankfurt, em 1931, quando Horkheimer defendeu a reorientação da agenda de pesquisa do Instituto, bem como a substituição de sua abordagem pelo que ficou conhecido como materialismo interdisciplinar. Ele conectou reflexão teórica, baseada no marxismo filosófico, e ciência social empírica, em resposta a outras interpretações do marxismo ortodoxo. Desde as primeiras pesquisas e elaborações teóricas do Instituto nessa época, Horkheimer (...) e Adorno manifestaram sua preocupação com o destino da humanidade – e a junção entre teoria social e pesquisa dizia respeito a tal preocupação. Horkheimer deixou isso claro no prefácio de The Authoritarian Personality, onde defendeu a articação entre a pesquisa e os interesses do Instituto e sua preocupação com a emancipação humana - desenvolvida a partir de uma análise cientificamente honesta do mundo material. Foi Adorno, contudo, no contato com a experiência científica norte-americana que, apesar de sua rejeição inicial da pesquisa empírica, reformulou seu conceito sobre ela, desenvolvendo uma teoria dialética da primazia do objeto, a partir da qual a possibilidade de uma teoria crítica como práxis se torna clara. O objetivo deste trabalho é mostrar o contexto da relação entre Teoria Crítica e pesquisa social empírica e como um compromisso com a práxis é parte integrante da mediação desta. (shrink)

Ontologies are computational artifacts that model consensual aspects of reality. In distributed contexts, applications often need to utilize information from several distinct ontologies. In order to integrate multiple ontologies, entities modeled in each ontology must be matched through an ontology alignment. However, imperfect alignments may introduce inconsistencies. One kind of inconsistency, which is often introduced, is the violation of the conservativity principle, that states that the alignment should not introduce new subsumption relations between entities from the same source ontology. We (...) propose a two-step quadratic-time algorithm for automatically correcting such violations, and evaluate it against datasets from the Ontology Alignment Evaluation Initiative 2019, comparing the results to a state-of-the-art approach. The proposed algorithm was significantly faster and less aggressive; that is, it performed fewer modifications over the original alignment when compared to the state-of-the-art algorithm. (shrink)

Priest, argues that classical reasoning can be made compatible with his preferred logical theory by proposing a methodological maxim authorizing the use of classical logic in consistent situations. Although Priest has abandoned this proposal in favour of the one in G. Priest, I shall argue that due to the fact that the derivability adjustment theorem holds for several logics of formal consistency, these paraconsistent logics are particularly well suited to accommodate classical reasoning by means of a version of that maxim, (...) yielding thus an enthymematic account of classical recapture. (shrink)

O presente artigo toma em sua consideração o discreto apêndice do, então socialista, William English Walling – “Socialism and Pragmatism as seen in the Writings of Marx and Engels” – servindo de mote a um regresso à conceção materialista da história, com especial incidência nos escritos de Friedrich Engels. A escolha de Walling assinala-se pelo facto de uma alegada herança de tipo socialista-pragmatista ou marxista-pragmatista atravessar todo o século XX até aos nossos dias. Serão diversos os exemplos, mas parece residir (...) aqui o primeiro esboço de uma tal odisseia. (shrink)

This study explored the associations between physical activity anxiety levels, and the perception of satisfaction of basic psychological needs, during Coronavirus Disease 2019 lockdown. Thus, 1,404 participants ranging from 18 to 89 years old completed a questionnaire in the period between 1st and 15th April 2021. The survey included sociodemographic data and the following validated instruments: the International Physical Activity Questionnaire, the Basic Need General Satisfaction Scale and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. The Kruskal-Wallis test was performed to examine variation in (...) anxiety levels and BPN satisfaction according to PA category. Spearman’s Rho correlations coefficients were used to determine the association between anxiety levels and psychological needs. Individuals presenting a higher level of PA revealed lower levels of anxiety-state. Differences between elements from different levels of PA were found for the autonomy, competence, and relatedness psychological needs, suggesting that those who feel their BPN as more satisfied have higher levels of PA. The study found statistically significant correlations between anxiety-state and the satisfaction of the needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness. These findings support the importance that PA has in the anxiety levels during social isolation, emphasizing the importance of multidisciplinary teams in an individual-based approach. (shrink)

The aim of the article is to offer an inventory of labour and trade-union struggle in twentieth century Brazil. The article thus focuses on the principal phases of this struggle, on the major breakthroughs and the major setbacks encountered. It ends with an overview of the challenges characteristic of the current social struggles in Brazil.

É difícil afirmar que o império português na Índia tenha sido, antes de mais, um “império da informação”, tal como Christopher Bayly se esforçou por comprovar, no caso do congénere inglês. Nesta matéria, como em muitas outras, faltam-nos ainda mais estudos. No entanto, parece óbvio que nos domínios portugueses na Índia – relativamente diminutos e muito descontínuos –, o conhecimento e a informação tiveram um papel muito importante no processo de assegurar o poder político, social e militar. O recurso às (...) informações das redes de espiões, “línguas”, funcionários da administração, comerciantes e diplomatas foi fundamental para o recíproco conhecimento das sociedades e para desenvolvimento da presença portuguesa no Índico. Foi o que sucedeu com as informações veiculadas pelos comerciantes indianos residentes na África oriental setecentista. O principal objectivo deste artigo é perceber por que razão a elite indiana utilizou os jesuítas como intérpretes da sua língua, o marwari e o guzerate, para comunicar com a administração portuguesa. (shrink)

No presente artigo procuramos recuperar a reflexão de Karl Marx e Friedrich Engels acerca do movimento dos trabalhadores estado-unidense do seu tempo, sobretudo no que ao papel dos socialistas dirá respeito. É nosso entendimento que esta reflexão contribui, apesar de pouco explorada, para a compreensão da conceção de ambos – a conceção materialista da história –, não porque tenha contribuído para a sua elaboração mais acabada, mas por via do exercício que os autores fizeram desta quando analisaram o que se (...) passava do outro lado do Atlântico. A reflexão destes dois autores pode ainda ser, além de questões meramente teóricas, bastante atual – daí o enfoque nas questões de estratégia político-partidária –, pois que os partidos que se reclamam da classe trabalhadora hoje são, apesar de tudo, bem mais do que na segunda metade do século XIX, mas, por outro lado, bem menos expressivos do que na segunda metade do século XX. Trata-se, em rigor, de um de vários contributos particulares da conceção dos dois autores alemães. (shrink)